# bycycle - cycle-by-cycle analysis of neural oscillations¶

## Overview¶

bycycle is a python implementation of a cycle-by-cycle approach to analyzing neural oscillations (Cole & Voytek, 2018). This approach quantifies features of neural oscillations in the time domain as opposed to the frequency domain. Rather than applying narrowband filters and other methods that utilize a sinusoidal basis, this characterization segments a recording into individual cycles and directly measures each of their properties including amplitude, period, and symmetry. This is most advantageous for analyzing the waveform shape properties of neural oscillations, but it may also provide advantages for studying traditional amplitude and frequency effects, as well. It also implements burst detection, which has been gaining traction recently (see e.g. Jones, 2016) so that we only analyze oscillatory properties when there is indeed an oscillation.

A full description of the method and approach is available in the paper below.

## Reference¶

If you use this code in your project, please cite this preprint:

Cole SR & Voytek B (2018) Cycle-by-cycle analysis of neural oscillations. bioRxiv, 302000.
doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/302000


## Dependencies¶

bycycle is written in Python, and is tested to work with Python 3.5

It has the following dependencies:

• numpy
• scipy
• pandas
• matplotlib (optional)
• pytest (optional)

Coming soon.

## Install¶

To install the latest stable release of bycycle, you can use pip:

$pip install bycycle To get the lastest, development version, you can get the code using git: $ git clone https://github.com/voytekresearch/bycycle

To then install the development version (without making changes to it), move into the directory you cloned and run:

$pip install . Otherwise, if you want to install an editable, development version, move into the directory you cloned and install with:$ pip install -e .

## Usage¶

The main function in bycycle is compute_features(), which takes a time series and some parameters as inputs and returns a table of features for each cycle. Consider having a 1-dimensional numpy array, signal, which is a neural signal time series sampled at 1000 Hz (Fs) that contains an alpha (8-12 Hz, f_range) oscillation. We can compute the table of cycle features with the following:

from bycyle.filt import lowpass_filter
from bycycle.features import compute_features

signal = lowpass_filter(signal, Fs, f_lowpass, N_seconds=N_seconds, remove_edge_artifacts=False)

Fs = 1000
f_range = (8, 12)
df = compute_features(signal, Fs, f_range)


Note that a lowpass filter is applied in order to remove high-frequency power that may interfere with extrema localization. (see section 0 of the algorithm tutorial for more details).

It’s necessary to note that the above compute_features() command used default parameters to localize extrema and detect bursts of oscillations. However, it is important to knowledgeably select these parameters, as described in the algorithm tutorial. The following example and text go over the different potential parameter changes:

burst_kwargs = {'amplitude_fraction_threshold': .2,
'amplitude_consistency_threshold': .5,
'period_consistency_threshold': .5,
'monotonicity_threshold': .8,
'N_cycles_min': 3}

narrowband_kwargs = {'N_seconds': .5}

df = compute_features(signal, Fs, f_range,
center_extrema='T',
burst_detection_method='cycles',
burst_detection_kwargs=burst_kwargs,
find_extrema_kwargs={'filter_kwargs': narrowband_kwargs},
hilbert_increase_N=True)

• center_extrema determines how the cycles are segmented. ‘T’ indicates the center extrema is a trough, so cycles are segmented peak-to-peak.
• burst_detection_method selects which method for burst detection is used. The ‘cycles’ option uses features of adjacent cycles in order to detect bursts (e.g. period consistency, see next item). The ‘amp’ option uses an amplitude threshold to determine the cycles that are part of an oscillatory burst.
• burst_detection_kwargs set the keyword arguments for the burst detection function. For the ‘cycles’ method, there are 5 keyword arguments (see the end of the algorithm tutorial for advice on choosing these parameters).
• find_extrema_kwargs set the keyword arguments for the function used to localize peaks and troughs. Most notably, you can change the duration of the bandpass filter (N_seconds) used during extrema localization (see section 1 of the algorithm tutorial).
• hilbert_increase_N is a boolean indicator of whether or not to zeropad the signal to bypass complications that scipy.signal.hilbert() has with some long signal durations. Try setting this parameter to True if this function is taking a long time to run. Note the Hilbert Transform is used to compute the band_amp feature of each cycle, which is the average analytic amplitude of the frequency of interest in that cycle. This is complementary to the volt_amp measure, and may be desired for some burst detection applications.

## Output¶

The output of bycycle is a pandas.DataFrame. Each row of this table corresponds to an individual segment of the signal, or a putative cycle of the rhythm of interest.

Some of the columns include:

• sample_peak - the sample of the signal at which the peak of this cycle occurs
• period - period of the cycle
• time_peak - duration of the peak period
• volt_amp - amplitude of this cycle, average of the rise and decay voltage
• time_rdsym - rise-decay symmetry, the fraction of the cycle in the rise period (0.5 is symmetric)
• time_ptsym - peak-trough symmetry, the fraction of the cycle in the peak period (0.5 is symmetric)
• period_consistency - consistency between the periods of the adjacent cycles, used in burst detection
• is_burst - indicator if the cycle is part of an oscillatory burst

The features in this table can then go on to be analyzed. For example, we may be interested in the distribution of rise-decay symmetry values in a resting state recording. See the tutorials for more applications!